The Health Issues Of Hiv / Aids - 2570 Words

Communicable disease are massively important in global burden of disease and in â€Å"2001 accounted for about 40 percent of the disease burden in low and middle class income countries. Every year, HIV/AIDS kills about 1.8 million, TB kill about 1.7 million and malaria kills 1 million especially among children in poor countries like sub Saharan Africa and south Asia. These diseases â€Å"disproportionally’’ affect the poor. The better off people or families have the awareness and the income to protect themselves from the spread of disease. (S. Richard 2012). In Nigeria HIV/AIDS, TB (tuberculosis) and malaria are still main public health issues facing the country today. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa with more than 169 million†¦show more content†¦The number of TB cases that has been notified in the country has increased from 31, 264 in 2002 to 90, and 133 in 2010 and 200 in 2013 and has resulted in 3.5 percent of death among Nigerian population (Global health data: 2013). The unresolved or rapid rise of TB in Nigeria is further compounded by the ongoing HIV/AIDS epidemic and the emergence of multi drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The TB-HIV interface is a very crucial public health issue in the term of TB transmission and morbidity and mortality for both TB and HIV. The high risk of a HIV negative person developing active TB 10 %, however, the annual risk of developing active TB is 10%; but in 8 years’ time, the HIV positive person or individual has an 80% percent chance of developing active TB. Nigeria been a populous country have the second highest TB burden in Africa, women are most likely affected by TB than men; women have the mortality rate of 3.23% while men have 1.71% of total death (mortality rate). The main risk factors for TB among individuals are exposure to a person infected with TB, living in a country like Nigeria with a population of more than 163 million people, individuals or families from poor region tend to live in an overcrowded (overcrowding) houses or circumstances, under nutrition, HIV, inadequate health care and other conditions that affect the immune system.

Writing Descriptions for a Patent Application

The description, together with the claims, is often referred to as the specification. As this word suggests, these are the sections of the patent application where you specify what your machine or process is and how it differs from previous patents and technology. The description starts off with general background information and progresses to more and more detailed information about your machine or process and its parts. By starting with an overview and continuing with increasing levels of detail you guide the reader to a full description of your intellectual property. You must write a complete and thorough description as you cannot add any new information to your patent application once it is filed. If you are required by the patent examiner to make any changes, you can only make changes to the subject matter of your invention that could be reasonably inferred from the original drawings and description. Professional help may be of benefit to ensure maximum protection for your intellectual property. Be careful not to add any misleading information or omit relevant items. Although your drawings are not part of the description (drawings are on separate pages) you should refer to them to explain your machine or process. Where appropriate, include chemical and mathematical formulae in the description. Examples - Looking at Other Patents Helps You With Yours Consider this example of a description of a collapsible tent frame. The applicant begins by giving background information and quoting previous similar patents. The section then continues with a summary of the invention which provides a general description of the tent frame. Following this is a listing of the figures and a detailed description of each element of the tent frame. The description of this patent for an electrical connector is divided into the description of the background of the invention (including the field of the invention and prior art), a summary of the invention, a brief description of the drawings {bottom of page}, and a detailed description of the electrical connector. How to Write the Description Below are some how-to instructions and tips to help get you started writing the description of your invention. When you are satisfied with the description you can begin the claims section of a patent application. Remember that the description and claims are the bulk of your written patent application. When writing the description, use the following order, unless you can describe your invention better or more economically in another way. The order is: TitleTechnical fieldBackground information and prior artDescription of how your invention addresses a technical problemList of figuresA detailed description of your inventionOne example of intended useA ​sequence listing  (if relevant) To begin, it might be helpful to just jot down brief notes and points to cover from each of the above headings. As you polish your description into its final form, you can use the outline suggested below. Begin on a new page by stating the title of your invention. Make it short, precise and specific. For example, if your invention is a compound, say Carbon tetrachloride not Compound. Avoid calling the invention after yourself or using the words new or improved. Aim to give it a title that can be found by people using a few keywords during a patent searching.Write a broad statement that gives the technical field related to your invention.Continue by offering background information that people will need to: understand, search for, or examine, your invention.Discuss the problems that inventors have faced in this area and how they have attempted to solve them. This is often called giving the prior art. The prior art is the published body of knowledge that relates to your invention. It is at this point that applicants frequently quote previous similar patents.State in general terms how your invention solves one or several of these problems. What you are trying to show is how your invention is new and different.List the drawings giving the figure number and a brief description of what the drawings illustrate. Remember to refer to drawings throughout the detailed description and to use the same reference numbers for each element.Describe your intellectual property in detail. For an apparatus or product, describe each part, how they fit together and how they work together. For a process, describe each step, what you start with, what you need to do to make the change, and the end result. For a compound include the chemical formula, the structure and the process which could be used to make the compound. You need to make the description fit all the possible alternatives that relate to your invention. If a part can be made out of several different materials, say so. You should aim to describe each part in sufficient detail so that someone could reproduce at least one version of your invention.Give an example of an intended use for your invention. You should also include any warnings of commonly used in the field that would be necessary to avert failure.If relevant to your type of invention, provide the sequence listing of your compound. The sequence is part of the description and is not included in any drawings. One of the best ways to understand how to write a patent for your type of invention is to take a look at already issued patents. Visit the USPTO online and do a search for patents issued for similar inventions to yours.

Sustainability Analysis The Rain Forrest Alliance And...

Justin Murray-Frank NTRES 1011 Group 2 Sustainable Confusion Governments, environmental agencies, and corporations alike have utilized the term â€Å"sustainability† in order to convey their respective agendas for general sustainability in environmental, social, and economic realms. In spite of their initiatives, there has yet to be a generally agreed upon, uniform definition for â€Å"sustainability.† This lack of semantic clarity has promoted skepticism among some parties, skepticism primarily focused in the legitimacy of sustainability agendas, as well as the idea of sustainability in itself (Context Development, 1992). This essay seeks to inspect the concepts of sustainability generated by two†¦show more content†¦The RFA (Rain Forest Alliance will be denoted as â€Å"RFA† from this point on) explicitly expresses its efforts to uphold the sustainability pillar of environment with its stated efforts to â€Å"conserve biodiversity† and â€Å"transforming land-use practices.† Additionally, RFA conv eys implicit undertones of an allegiance to the social pillar of sustainability with its mention of working to â€Å"ensure sustainable livelihoods.† Lastly, the organization touches upon the economic pillar of sustainability with a conveyance of its work to transform â€Å"business practices and consumer behavior.† Thus, evidently, RFA’s idea of sustainability is in great alignment with the three pillars of sustainability – the prominent framework for sustainability. As an eco-certifying organization, is not surprising that RFA has an unambiguous, holistic, but thorough idea of sustainability. It must set lofty ideals for corporations and companies to strive towards, in order for said organizations to receive RFA’s eco- certification. RFA’s ideals and assumptions about sustainability seem to be rooted in its notion that â€Å"the health of the land is inextricably connected to the well-being of those who depend on it for their livelihoodsà ¢â‚¬  (â€Å"About Us | Rainforest Alliance,† n.d.). The sustainability of the environment, the vitality of the economy, and the maintenance of a prosperous and satisfied society are valid expansions of RFA’s aforementioned notion, and they most certainly resonate

Enzyme Activity Essay Sample free essay sample

We performed these experiments to detect the effects of enzymes on the rate of reactions. We tested and compared the activity of the enzyme catalase on the substrate H2O2 in assorted provinces and per centums. and observed the soaking up values of the enzyme-substrate relationship at different concentrations. Our consequences show that the more substrate available. the quicker the reaction will go on except in one trial. which might intend that a balanced concentration of the two is most good. Introduction The aims of these experiments were to detect the effects of the enzyme-substrate relationships and to enter our findings. Enzymes increase the rate of reactions by take downing the energy needed to trip the reaction ( McNeil et al. 2013 ) . Enzymes will work with substrates to bring forth reactions and merchandises and they will adhere together at an active site. They will merely bond to with peculiar molecules and environmental factors can besides impact their productiveness. We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Activity Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are proteins. and proteins are made up of many aminic acids ( Brian et al. 2013 ) . We used the enzyme catalase that occurs of course in many beings to analyze the qualitative and quantitative consequences of enzymatic activity. My hypothesis is that the findings in these experiments will demo that the enzyme catalase will increase the rate of reaction with the substrate. Methods In Activity 1 Procedure A. we had four trial tubings filled with different constituents. The tabular array below shows each tube’s constituents. In each trial tubing. we added 5. 0 mL 3 % H2O2. We recorded initial observations and checked often for alterations. Table 1.Tube # | Contents|1| 1 milliliter H2O|2| ? ? ?† murphy regular hexahedron |3| 1 milliliter Enz. |4| 1 milliliter Enz boiled for 5 proceedingss. so cooled| In Activity 1 Procedure B. we prepared two more trial tubing with different substrates. In each empty tubing we put 1 milliliter of enzyme. To that. we added the same substrate with different per centum degrees. What we added to the trial tubing is depicted in the chart below. We recorded our observations of these tubings and compared observations ab initio with those of proceedingss 4-5. Table 2.Tube # | Contentss |A| 1 milliliter Enz. + 5. 0 mL1. 5 % H2O2|B| 1 milliliter Enz. + 5. 0 milliliter. 75 % H2O2| In Activity 2 Procedure C. we filtered the catalase used in Procedures A and B with # 4 filter paper. We made a black solution without the catalase and another with it to be compared in the spectrophotometer. The contents of the space and cuvette # 1 are shown below. We observed optical density degrees at 470 nanometers and measured the space to deduct its values from those of cuvette # 1. We measured the optical density every minute for 5 proceedingss and recorded our observations. After the 5 proceedingss we removed them and observed differences. Table 3.Cuvette # | Contentss |Blank | 6. 0 mL dH2O + . 100 uL guaiacol + . 150 uL H2O2|1| 1. 0 mL catalase + 5. 0 mL dH2O + . 100 uL guaiacol + . 150 uL H2O2| In Activity 2 Procedure D. we followed the same processs as we did in Procedure C ; nevertheless. the contents of the space and cuvette were changed. The alterations are shown in the tabular array below. Table 4.Cuvette # | Contentss |Blank | 5 milliliter dH2O + . 100 uL guaiacol + . 300 uL H2O2|1| 1. 0 mL catalase + 4. 0 mL dH2O + . 100 uL guaiacol + . 300 uL H2O2| These methods came from the Biology 183 Introductory II Lab Manual. ConsequencesThe presence of an enzyme speeds up chemical reactions and is affected by the concentration of the substrate. We found that the consequences of reaction were much greater and happened faster with the presence of a greater sum of substrate and enzyme until there was excessively much substrate in relation to enzyme. In Activity 1 Procedure A. we found that the more available substrate nowadays. the faster the reaction would go on. More merchandise was observed when there was increased substrate surface country. The tabular array of consequences is depicted below. Table 5.Tube # | Contents| What Happened? |1| 1 milliliter H2O + 5. 0 mL 3 % H2O2| No reaction |2| ? ? ?† murphy regular hexahedron + 5. 0 mL 3 % H2O2| Bubbling and foaming occurred but non much| 3| 1 milliliter Enz. + 5. 0 mL 3 % H2O2| More froth and bubbles than in previous| 4| 1 milliliter Enz boiled for 5 proceedingss. so cooled + 5. 0 mL 3 % H2O2| Barely any mark of reaction| In Activity 1 Procedure B. we found that the concentration of substrate affects the activity of the enzyme. The solution with a higher concentration of substrate produced greater consequences. Table 6.Tube # | Contentss | What Happened? |A| 1 milliliter Enz. + 5. 0 mL1. 5 % H2O2| Foamed and bubbled rapidly ; much more than B| B| 1 milliliter Enz. + 5. 0 milliliter. 75 % H2O2| Foamed and bubbled less and at a slower rate. | In Activity 2 Procedure C. we discovered that our solution with catalase formed merchandises and the solution without did non. The spectrophotometer collected informations for us to demo this. Table 7.Cuvette # | Contentss | What Happened? |Blank | 6. 0 mL dH2O + . 100 uL guaiacol + . 150 uL H2O2| No change| 1| 1. 0 mL catalase + 5. 0 mL dH2O + . 100 uL guaiacol + . 150 uL H2O2| The colour of the solution changed. It got darker. | Table 8.Absorbance Data Collection of Cuvette Containing Catalase| Time ( min ) | 0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5|Optical density at 470 nm| 1. 200 A| 1. 449 A| 1. 673 A| 1. 872 A| 2. 056 A| 2. 223 A| In Activity 2 Procedure D. our consequences showed us that the concentration of substrate can be excessively high for a same merchandise in enzyme activity when compared with the tabular array in Procedure C. A tabular array of the consequences of Procedure D and a graph comparison Procedures C and D are depicted below. Table 9.Cuvette # | Contents| What Happened? |Blank | 5 milliliter dH2O + . 100 uL guaiacol + . 300 uL H2O2| No Change| 1| 1. 0 mL catalase + 4. 0 mL dH2O + . 100 uL guaiacol + . 300 uL H2O2| The colour of the solution changed. Got darker but non every bit dark as Cuvette 1 in Procedure C. | Table 10.Absorbance Data Collection of Cuvette Containing Catalase| Time ( min ) | 0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5|Optical density at 470 nm| . 428 A| . 673 A| . 876 A| 1. 063 A| 1. 228 A| 1. 377 A| Figure 1. Figure 1. DiscussionThe consequences found in our experiments supported the hypothesis that enzymes would increase the rate of reaction. In one instance. nevertheless. it was found that if the concentration of substrate is excessively high. the enzymatic relationship will be thrown away. We observed noticeable merchandises more rapidly with the enzyme nowadays in both experiments in Activity 1. Our experiment in Activity 2 Procedure D shows that with a higher per centum of substrate. less visible radiation was absorbed. This was unexpected because we thought that with more substrate. the reaction would take topographic point more rapidly. Our findings supported that enzymes increase the rate at which reactions occur. If this experiment was repeated. we might acquire a few fluctuations in consequences. The measurings of some substances might hold been a small off and the clip that we took to set some of the cuvettes might hold been excessively long and affected the consequences.